WHAT IS PLANTAR FASCIITIS?
Plantar Fasciitis is known by nicknames like Runner's Heel, Jogger's Heel, Policeman's Heel, Heel Spurs, Foot Pain, Heel Pain, and Heel Stone Bruise.
Who is a PLANTAR FASCIITIS CANDIDATE?
Anyone can acquire Plantar Fasciitis as it is not discriminatory. Those at higher risk of developing Plantar Fasciitis are those who:
- have arch problems, such as high arches or flat feet
- have feet that roll excessively inward as they walk (pronation)
- are overweight
- are pregnant
- are actively on their feet for extended periods of time, such as those in the military, runners, or any category of athletes
- are workers who must stand for prolonged hours on their feet
- wear shoes with no support, including old shoes, don't fit well or have thin, soft soles
- go barefoot regularly, especially on hard surfaces
- are middle-aged or older
- have legs that are different lengths
- have tight Achilles tendon(s) or calf muscles
- had experienced foot or feet trauma
Plantar Fasciitis is a disorder that results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot. The pain is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest. Pain is also frequently brought on by bending the foot and toes up towards the shin and may be worsened by a tight Achilles tendon. The condition typically comes on slowly. In about a third of people, both legs are affected.
The causes of Plantar Fasciitis are not entirely clear. Risk factors include overuse such as from long periods of standing, an increase in exercise, and obesity. It is also associated with inward rolling of the foot and a lifestyle that involves little exercise. While heel spurs are frequently found it is unclear if they have a role in causing the condition. Plantar Fasciitis is a disorder of the insertion site of the ligament on the bone characterized by micro tears, the breakdown of collagen, and scarring. As inflammation plays a lesser role, many feel the condition should be renamed plantar fasciosis. The diagnosis is typically based on signs and symptoms with ultrasound sometimes used to help. Other conditions with similar symptoms include osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, heel pad syndrome, and reactive arthritis.
Most cases of Plantar Fasciitis resolve with time and conservative methods of treatment. Usually, for the first few weeks, people are advised to rest, change their activities, take pain medications, and stretch. If this is not sufficient physiotherapy, orthotics, splinting, or steroid injections may be options. If other measures do not work extracorporeal shockwave therapy or surgery may be tried.
Between 4% and 7% of people have heel pain at any given time and about 80% of these cases are due to Plantar Fasciitis. Approximately 10% of people have the disorder at some point during their life. It becomes more common with age. It is unclear if one sex is more affected than the other.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
When Plantar Fasciitis occurs, the pain is typically sharp and usually unilateral (70% of cases). Heel pain is worsened by bearing weight on the heel after long periods of rest. Individuals with Plantar Fasciitis often report their symptoms are most intense during their first steps after getting out of bed or after prolonged periods of sitting. Improvement of symptoms is usually seen with continued walking. Rare, but reported symptoms include numbness, tingling, swelling, or radiating pain. Typically there are no fevers or night sweats.
If the plantar fascia continues to be overused in the setting of Plantar Fasciitis, the plantar fascia can rupture. Typical signs and symptoms of plantar fascia rupture include a clicking or snapping sound, significant local swelling, and acute pain in the sole of the foot.
RISK FACTORS
Identified risk factors for Plantar Fasciitis include excessive running, standing on hard surfaces for prolonged periods of time, high arches of the feet, the presence of a leg length inequality, and flat feet. The tendency of flat feet to excessively roll inward during walking or running makes them more susceptible to Plantar Fasciitis. Obesity is seen in 70% of individuals who present with Plantar Fasciitis and is an independent risk factor.
Studies have suggested a strong association exists between an increased body mass index and the development of Plantar Fasciitis in the non-athletic population; this association between weight and Plantar Fasciitis has not been observed in the athletic population. Achilles tendon tightness and inappropriate footwear have also been identified as significant risk factors.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The cause of Plantar Fasciitis is poorly understood and is thought to likely have several contributing factors. The plantar fascia is a thick fibrous band of connective tissue that originates from the medial tubercle and anterior aspect of the heel bone. From there, the fascia extends along the sole of the foot before inserting at the base of the toes and supports the arch of the foot.
Originally, Plantar Fasciitis was believed to be an inflammatory condition of the plantar fascia. However, within the last decade, studies have observed microscopic anatomical changes indicating that Plantar Fasciitis is actually due to a noninflammatory structural breakdown of the plantar fascia rather than an inflammatory process.
Due to this shift in thought about the underlying mechanisms in Plantar Fasciitis, many in the academic community have stated the condition should be renamed plantar fasciosis. The structural breakdown of the plantar fascia is believed to be the result of repetitive microtrauma (small tears). Microscopic examination of the plantar fascia often shows myxomatous degeneration, connective tissue calcium deposits, and disorganized collagen fibers.
Disruptions in the plantar fascia's normal mechanical movement during standing and walking (known as the Windlass mechanism) are thought to contribute to the development of Plantar Fasciitis by placing excess strain on the calcaneal tuberosity. Other studies have also suggested that Plantar Fasciitis is not actually due to the inflamed plantar fascia, but maybe a tendon injury involving the flexor digitorum brevis muscle located immediately deep to the plantar fascia.
DIAGNOSIS
Plantar Fasciitis is usually diagnosed by a health care provider after consideration of a person's presenting history, risk factors, and clinical examination. Tenderness to palpation along the inner aspect of the heel bone on the sole of the foot may be elicited during the physical examination. The foot may have limited dorsiflexion due to the tightness of the calf muscles or the Achilles tendon. Dorsiflexion of the foot may elicit the pain due to stretching of the plantar fascia with this motion. Diagnostic imaging studies are not usually needed to diagnose Plantar Fasciitis. However, in certain cases, a physician may decide imaging studies (such as X-rays, diagnostic ultrasound or MRI) are warranted to rule out serious causes of foot pain.
Other diagnoses that are typically considered include fractures, tumors, or systemic disease if Plantar Fasciitis pain fails to respond appropriately to conservative medical treatments. Bilateral heel pain or heel pain in the context of a systemic illness may indicate a need for a more in-depth diagnostic investigation. Under these circumstances, diagnostic tests such as a CBC or serological markers of inflammation, infection, or autoimmune diseases such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, HLA-B27, uric acid, or Lyme disease antibodies may also be obtained. Neurological deficits may prompt an investigation with electromyography to evaluate for damage to the nerves or muscles.
An incidental finding associated with this condition is a heel spur, a small bony calcification on the calcaneus (heel bone), which can be found in up to 50% of those with Plantar Fasciitis. In such cases, it is the underlying Plantar Fasciitis that produces the heel pain, and not the spur itself. The condition is responsible for the creation of the spur though the clinical significance of heel spurs in Plantar Fasciitis remains unclear.
IMAGING
Medical imaging is not routinely needed as it is expensive and does not typically change how Plantar Fasciitis is managed. When the diagnosis is not clinically apparent, lateral view x-rays of the ankle are the recommended imaging modality to assess for other causes of heel pain such as stress fractures or bone spur development.
Normally the plantar fascia has three fascicles with the central fascicle thickest at 4 mm, the lateral fascicle at 2 mm and the medial at less than a millimeter in thickness. In theory, the likeliness of Plantar Fasciitis increases with increasing thickness of plantar fascia at the calcaneal insertion, with the thickness of more than 4.5 mm being somewhat useful on ultrasound and 4 mm on MRI. Findings on imaging such as plantar aponeurosis thickening, however, may be absent in symptomatic individuals or present in asymptomatic individuals thereby limiting the utility of such observations.
A 3-phase bone scan is a sensitive modality to detect active Plantar Fasciitis. Furthermore, a 3-phase bone scan can be used to monitor response to therapy, as demonstrated by decreased uptake after corticosteroid injections.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
The differential diagnosis of heel pain is extensive and includes pathological entities including, but not limited to the following: calcaneal stress fracture, calcaneal bursitis, osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis involving the nerve roots of lumbar spinal nerve 5 (L5) or sacral spinal nerve 1 (S1), calcaneal fat pad syndrome, hypothyroidism, seronegative spondy loparthopathies such as reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or rheumatoid arthritis (more likely if pain is present in both heels), plantar fascia rupture, and compression neuropathies such as tarsal tunnel syndrome or impingement of the medial calcaneal nerve.
A determination about a diagnosis of Plantar Fasciitis can usually be made based on a person's medical history and physical examination. In cases in which the physician suspects a fracture, infection, or some other serious underlying condition, an x-ray may be used to make a differential diagnosis. However, and especially for people who stand or walk a lot at work, x-rays should not be used to screen for Plantar Fasciitis unless imaging is otherwise indicated as using it outside of medical guidelines is unnecessary health care.
TREATMENT | NON-SURGICAL
About 90% of Plantar Fasciitis cases will improve within six months with conservative treatment, and within a year regardless of treatment. Many treatments have been proposed for Plantar Fasciitis. Most have not been adequately investigated and there is little evidence to support recommendations for such treatments. First-line conservative approaches include rest, heat, ice, and calf-strengthening exercises; techniques to stretch the calf muscles, Achilles tendon, and plantar fascia; weight reduction in the overweight or obese; and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. NSAIDs are commonly used to treat Plantar Fasciitis, but fail to resolve the pain in 20% of people.
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is an effective treatment modality for Plantar Fasciitis pain unresponsive to conservative nonsurgical measures for at least three months. Evidence from meta-analyses suggests significant pain relief lasts up to one year after the procedure. However, the debate about the therapy's efficacy has persisted. ESWT can be performed with or without anesthesia though studies have suggested that the therapy is less effective when anesthesia is given. Complications from ESWT are rare and typically mild when present. Known complications of ESWT include the development of a mild hematoma or an ecchymosis, redness around the site of the procedure, or a migraine.
Corticosteroid injections are sometimes used for cases of Plantar Fasciitis refractory to more conservative measures. The injections may be an effective modality for short-term pain relief up to one month, but studies failed to show effective pain relief after three months. Notable risks of corticosteroid injections for plantar fasciitis include plantar fascia rupture, skin infection, nerve or muscle injury, or atrophy of the plantar fat pad. Custom orthotic devices have been demonstrated as an effective method to reduce Plantar Fasciitis pain for up to 12 weeks. The long-term effectiveness of custom orthotics for Plantar Fasciitis pain reduction requires additional study. Orthotic devices and certain taping techniques are proposed to reduce pronation of the foot and therefore reduce the load on the plantar fascia resulting in pain improvement.
Another treatment technique known as plantar iontophoresis involves applying anti-inflammatory substances such as dexamethasone or acetic acid topically to the foot and transmitting these substances through the skin with an electric current. Moderate evidence exists to support the use of night splints for 1–3 months to relieve Plantar Fasciitis pain that has persisted for six months. The night splints are designed to position and maintain the ankle in a neutral position thereby passively stretching the calf and plantar fascia overnight during sleep.
Other treatment approaches may include supportive footwear, arch taping, and physical therapy.
(Tommy Moch's Plantar Fasciitis Remedy is designed to deliver compression and stabilization techniques associated with these treatments and more).
TREATMENT | NON-SURGICAL
Plantar fasciotomy is often considered after conservative treatment has failed to resolve the issue after six months and is viewed as a last resort. Minimally invasive and endoscopic approaches to plantar fasciotomy exist but require a specialist who is familiar with certain equipment. The availability of these surgical techniques is currently limited. A 2012 study found 76% of patients who underwent endoscopic plantar fasciotomy had complete relief of their symptoms and had few complications (level IV evidence). Heel spur removal during plantar fasciotomy has not been found to improve the surgical outcome.
Plantar heel pain may occur for multiple reasons and release of the lateral plantar nerve branch may be performed alongside the plantar fasciotomy in select cases. Possible complications of plantar fasciotomy include nerve injury, instability of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, fracture of the calcaneus, prolonged recovery time, infection, rupture of the plantar fascia, and failure to improve the pain. Coblation surgery has recently been proposed as alternative surgical approaches for the treatment of recalcitrant Plantar Fasciitis.
UNPROVEN TREATMENTS
Botulinum Toxin A injections as well as similar techniques such as platelet-rich plasma injections and prolotherapy remain controversial.
Dry needling is also being researched for treatment of Plantar Fasciitis. A systematic review of available research found limited evidence of effectiveness for this technique. The studies were reported to be inadequate in quality and too diverse in methodology to enable reaching a firm conclusion.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Plantar Fasciitis is the most common type of plantar fascia injury and is the most common reason for heel pain, responsible for 80% of cases. The condition tends to occur more often in women, military recruits, older athletes, the obese, and young male athletes.
Plantar Fasciitis is estimated to affect 1 in 10 people at some point during their lifetime and most commonly affects people between 40–60 years of age. In the United States alone, more than two million people receive treatment for Plantar Fasciitis. The cost of treating Plantar Fasciitis in the United States is estimated to be $284 million each year.
DIET
Did you know that there’s also a role that FOOD plays for those who have Plantar Fasciitis? There are foods that can make the condition worse. Yes, certain foods can do you more harm than good and there are certain foods that exacerbate certain ailments. Let’s discuss some of the worst foods for Plantar Fasciitis. If you are suffering from chronic heel pain related to Plantar Fasciitis, you do not want to miss learning about these 4 foods that can simply make the condition much, MUCH worse. So, let’s dive in a take a look.
#1 – Junk Food! Yes, you might have guessed that this would be one of the 4 Worst Foods for Plantar Fasciitis… and if so, you guessed right. There is not much that comes from junk food that can benefit the body. It usually causes us to pack on the calories and feel sluggish… or worse… get really, really sick. Sometimes, a person’s body gets accustomed to junk food and this is a bad, BAD… really bad thing. Why? Junk food typically contains high amounts of unhealthy sugar and fats. These unhealthy ingredients FEED diseases and ailments including Plantar Fasciitis. Hence, if you’re suffering from Plantar Fasciitis, you need to stop abusing your health with junk food. I mean, to be realistic, small amounts of these substances could be permissible and we do encounter this from time to time in meals. However, DO avoid junk food when dealing with Plantar Fasciitis.
#2 – Meats - Lean meat is certainly better than meat that has significant amounts of fat. These fats clog the body and prevent the healing and anti-inflammatory processes that help to tackle problems such as Plantar Fasciitis. Unhealthy fats from meat feed inflammation and this is bad news for chronic heel pain. When consuming this food with high amounts of unhealthy fat, the body is unable to tap into the resources it needs to fight out inflammation as a result of worn or absent tissue on the feet. So, REDUCING the consumption of red meat can be helpful. Try consuming other types of proteins. For example, fish is quite versatile and rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which is just what the body needs to fight inflammation. Say NO to unhealthy, fatty meats.
#3 – White Flour - This is a common ingredient in items like bread, cakes, cookies and many processed snacks and foods. It seems like white flour is simply EVERYWHERE we look. Hence, it can be difficult to avoid but NOT impossible. Yes, there is hope. You could also switch out white flour with gluten-free wheat flour and get the same desired results in your recipes but with a much healthier outlook, especially when treating the pain associated with Plantar Fasciitis. There are many other meals that people that use white flour within, such as in soups as a thickener or as an add-on to foods that are presented with crispy coatings. Hmm… these foods may look yummy BUT what is the effect on your health and pain levels? NOT GOOD! Check the ingredients and cut down or eliminate as much white flour as you can.
4. Unhealthy Fats - “Unhealthy” is the keyword for this category of foods that you should avoid when dealing with Plantar Fasciitis. While there are fats that are good for us, we should avoid fats that are unhealthy. Essentially, these are the type of fats that just make you pack on the calories with no significant nutritional value! This additional weight can wreak havoc on your feet and add to the torment you’re experiencing. NOT good at all!!!
It is important to note that EXCLUDING all types of fats from your diet is the NOT solution. INSTEAD … stick to the healthy kinds of fats such as those in nuts and avocados. While consuming these healthy fats, you’ll also need to do so in MODERATION! So, avoid the unhealthy fats that can be found in many fried or similar foods and eat the healthy fats in moderate quantities. You can also FIGHT the effects of unhealthy fats through exercise. Low-impact exercise such as walking has been effective in addressing foot pain. Hence, if you have been consuming unhealthy fats and have added some weight as a result, there’s HOPE! You’ll find that exercise could be quite helpful.
In general, sticking to healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, gluten-free wheat flour and lean proteins can do a lot more for the body than consuming any of these 4 worst foods for plantar fasciitis. Avoid these foods and you may just notice the changes that you have been longing for. Wouldn’t that just be GREAT? YES, IT WOULD!! Yes, there are ways to treat Plantar Fasciitis which include the use of medications, soft-tissue manipulation, chiropractic manipulation, shock-wave therapy, an adjustable compression sleeve to support, stabilize and elongate Plantar Facia Ligament (i.e. Tommy Moch's Plantar Fasciitis Remedy) or surgery. However, you should note that these treatments have various levels of efficacy.
What if I told you that there was a way to get rid of heel and foot pain through EXERCISE! Is this too good to be true? No, it isn’t. There are effective and safe exercise routines that may help eliminate the need for those expensive surgeries, drugs, and medical devices. Really, what do you have to lose by trying out exercise routines, especially if living with plantar fasciitis has become quite unbearable! In addition to lessening the symptoms and resulting pain from plantar fasciitis by eating the right foods, consider exercise as a viable path to healing and improved quality of life too. Life’s too short to live with chronic heel pain DAY AFTER DAY. So, STOP the pain – EAT RIGHT and avoid foods that are really bad for plantar fasciitis.
WHAT DOES NOT HELP | GIMMICKS
- Family doctors, in particular, are not prepared to treat Plantar Fasciitis or any other musculoskeletal condition
- Podiatrists (foot doctors) especially in North America, where podiatrists are mainly focused on surgical procedures often provide poor quality advice about chronic repetitive strain injuries like Plantar Fasciitis, Iliotibial Syndrome, or Shin Splints. In all fairness, a limited few take a special interest in these conditions, but most do not, and the occasional tough case of Plantar Fasciitis is not on their radar - understandable but unfortunate.
- Physical Therapist can be the overall best bet for overall Plantar Fasciitis in conjunction with treatments which provide support, stabilization, and elongation of the Plantar Fascia Ligament care but often lack the skill, experience, and ability to treat tough cases
- Improperly sized insoles and orthotics may contribute to other ailments such as back or perhaps hip pain
- Loosely fitting compression socks, compression sleeves or improperly applied wrapping and taping may as well be counterproductive
Source: Wikipedia, plantarfasciopathy.org, Tommy Moch, Pain Science, Exercises for Pain